JOURNAL OF MEDICAL & CLINICAL CASE REPORTS

Abstract

This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE Criteria. Acute appendicitis is a common acute surgical abdominal condition, and despite the majority of cases being observed in children and young adults, its occurrence in the elderly seems to be increasing, with a higher risk of perforation. With increased life expectancy and the growing total population of elderly patients, there has been a rise in the number of cases of acute appendicitis in elderly people. Although acute appendicitis is not the most typical pathological condition in the elderly, it is not uncommon. Most of these patients require surgical treatment, and as with any acute surgical pathology in advanced age, treatment possibilities are affected by comorbidities, overall health status, and an increased risk of complications.

This case is about a 103-year-old male with abdominal pain and Acute appendicitis, that which CT shows inflammation and appendectomy in safe mode did and he was discharged healthy.

Appendicitis, an inflammation of the vermiform appendix, is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen and one of the most frequent indications for emergency abdominal surgery worldwide. Any person older than 65 years old is considered elderly. The elderly population constitutes only 5-10% of total appendicitis cases. The symptoms depend on the location of the appendix. Generally, lower abdominal pain and anorexia are known to be the most common symptoms of appendicitis. Although young adults have a higher prevalence of appendicitis, the elderly have a higher complication rate, 37.5% versus 43.97%. Acute appendicitis in the elderly constitutes a small percentage of total appendicitis cases, has a wide range of presentations, and is associated with a higher rate of complications, making it a challenging diagnosis. Thus, we believe that acute appendicitis in the elderly needs to be further studied, and more data should be added to the literature, which will help establish the diagnosis of appendicitis to avoid delayed diagnosis and possible complications. Findings suggest an increased risk of peri-and postoperative complications among elderly subjects undergoing appendectomy, compared to non-elderly subjects.

Key words: typical appendicitis in the elderly, simple appendicitis, appendicitis in the elderly, acute appendicitis elderly, acute appendicitis, surgery.

►Acute Appendicitis in a 103 Years Old Male Patient: Uncommon Age for a Common Disease, A Case Report and Review of Literature

Ahmad Reza Shahraki^1*

¹General Surgeon, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Zahedan, Iran.

Figure 1: Acute Appendicitis.

Acute appendicitis is mainly caused by a luminal obstruction that can lead to inflammation, ischemia, and, consequently, perforation and peritonitis or a contained abscess. The cause of obstruction differs according to age. At a young age, lymphoid follicular hyperplasia is the most common cause of obstruction of the vermiform appendix, whereas in older adults, fecolith, fibrosis, and neoplasia are the most common causes. When obstruction occurs, the intraluminal and intramural pressure of the appendix increases, leading to the occlusion of small vessels and resulting in ischemia (4). Multiple risk factors for appendicitis have been reported in the literature, including unhealthy diet, smoking, a family history of appendicitis, low socioeconomic status, and the use of probiotics and antibiotics (7). The typical symptoms of acute appendicitis include colicky pain that starts in the periumbilical area and then becomes constant and sharp, ultimately shifting to the right lower quadrant with tenderness at McBurney’s point. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and fever are associated symptoms (8). The accuracy of the diagnostic evaluation relies on the experience of the attending physician. A high index of suspicion is crucial as elderly patients can present with atypical symptoms. A combination of clinical signs, laboratory findings, and imaging is important to establish a diagnosis. The laboratory tests for suspected acute appendicitis should include a complete blood count with differential and serum C-reactive protein, with their combination significantly increasing the sensitivity. Although there are many scoring systems for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, the most common is the modified Alvarado score   ​(Table 1). A score of ≤3 suggests that the diagnosis of appendicitis is unlikely and another diagnosis should be considered, while patients with a score of >3 should undergo further evaluation for appendicitis (9). The definition of the term “elderly” is somewhat unclear. Conventionally, it has been considered a chronological age of 65 or older, but the World Health Organization and the Japanese Geriatrics Society have recently suggested a cut-off value of 75 or older based on improvements in physical function over the last 10–20 years (23).

Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen is the imaging modality of choice, while ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are reserved for children and pregnant women. The findings on CT can include appendiceal wall thickening or enhancement, peri-appendiceal fat stranding, and/or appendicolith (10). The standard management of acute appendicitis is an appendectomy, either a laparoscopic or an open appendectomy. Recent studies suggest that conservative management with antibiotics is not inferior to surgical management in many cases (11). However, for elderly patients in particular, a small study reported a 20% recurrence rate for those who were managed conservatively (12). In elderly patients with appendicitis, the diagnosis may be challenging as the classic symptoms may not be prominent, or the presentation may be non-specific (4). This could be because of some physiological changes in the elderly that can alter the response to the disease, such as diminished pain perception, localization, and decreased thermoregulation (13). However, signs of peritonitis can be more pronounced (4). Atypical presentations of appendicitis in the elderly include vague symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, generalized abdominal pain, and decreased oral intake (14). Furthermore, they can present with changes in bowel habits in the form of diarrhea or constipation (15, 16). In addition, they can present with pain in atypical locations, such as left-sided abdominal pain or peri-umbilical abdominal pain radiating to the left side of the umbilicus (17, 18). Acute appendicitis in elderly patients is a challenging clinical entity, not only because of its challenging diagnosis, delayed presentation, and atypical clinical symptoms and signs, but also because it is associated with a higher rate of complications such as perforation, gangrene, and abscess formation (19). Exclusion of underlying malignancy is very important in this age group, especially cecal and appendicular tumors. Elderly patients with symptoms of acute appendicitis can harbor an underlying malignancy of the cecum or appendix, so it must be kept at the top of the differential diagnoses. As distinguishing appendicitis from colon cancer in elderly patients by symptoms or imaging may be challenging, a postoperative colonoscopy should be performed to exclude cancer (20). Moreover, they may have a delayed recovery with prolonged hospital stays due to their concomitant diseases and reduced physiological reserve. Underlying medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure and diabetes, can increase the risk of complications and affect the healing process. Moreover, elderly patients have reduced physiological reserve, which decreases their ability to withstand stress conditions such as surgical operations (21).

Abdominal ultrasound (US) is the first-line imaging choice in different populations (children, pregnant women). However, the overall sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 81% of US limit its usefulness in older populations (28). Acute appendicitis is not the most common pathological condition in elderly patients with acute abdominal pain, as it presents in 3% (28) to 5% (29) of all patients requiring computed tomography (CT). However, liberal use of CT is suggested in elderly patients with acute abdominal pain due to a broad spectrum of conditions, as it can influence the treatment plan in up to 65% of patients with positive CT findings, medical management in 52%, and surgical management in 48% (28). Unenhanced CT has been suggested for triaging elderly patients with acute abdominal pain (29). There are no data on sensitivity and specificity exclusively in the elderly, but in a meta-analysis in adult populations, the results of second-line US (sensitivity 83.9%, specificity 90.9%), CT (sensitivity 89.9%, specificity 93.6%), and MRI (sensitivity 89.9%, specificity 93.6%) are comparable and accurate (30). In a recent large randomized study comparing antibiotics with appendectomy (including patients with appendicolith), conservative treatment was proven non-inferior to appendectomy. After 90 days, appendectomy was performed in 29% of patients in the conservatively treated group (25% without appendicolith, 41% with appendicolith) (31). These data correspond to a long-term (5 years) follow-up of recurrence of appendicitis of 39.1% (32). In some of the recent meta-analyses from Germany and China, appendectomy still appears more effective as the definitive treatment, with different results regarding complications—fewer complications in conservative treatment were found in a Chinese meta-analysis, and no significant difference was reported in a German publication (33, 34). The incidence of acute appendicitis in the elderly is rising due to a longer life expectancy (36). This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE Criteria (44).

Conclusion

With increased life expectancy and the growing total population of elderly patients, there has been a rise in the number of cases of acute appendicitis in elderly people. Although acute appendicitis is not the most typical pathological condition in the elderly, it is not uncommon. Most of these patients require surgical treatment, and as with any acute surgical pathology in advanced age, treatment possibilities are affected by comorbidities, overall health status, and an increased risk of complications (22).

Acute appendicitis in the elderly constitutes a small percentage of total appendicitis cases, has a wide range of presentations, and is associated with a higher rate of complications, making it a challenging diagnosis. Thus, we believe that acute appendicitis in the elderly needs to be further studied and more data should be added to the literature, which will help establish the diagnosis of appendicitis to avoid delayed diagnosis and possible complications (6). Review shows that management of acute appendicitis in the elderly is not as straightforward as it is in the younger population. The elderly patient presents a diagnostic challenge regarding atypical presentations due to physiological changes with age, a wide variety of differential diagnoses, comorbidities, and their associated polypharmacy, and an appropriate choice of imaging modality. Although we are constantly striving for evidence-based treatment, available data on elderly patients with acute appendicitis are mainly retrospective and based on smaller groups of patients. Thus, the treatment plan should be based on each individual case as per the institution or the surgeon’s preference. Even in elective surgery, complications are more pronounced in the elderly population, and these are even more prominent in acute settings such as that of acute appendicitis (23).

 Thus, we believe that acute appendicitis in the elderly needs to be further studied and more data should be added to the literature, which will help establish the diagnosis of appendicitis to avoid delayed diagnosis and possible complications (41). The non-operative management of uncomplicated appendicitis is a reasonable option in frail patients in order to avoid the burden of morbidity related to operation; nevertheless, surgery remains the standard of care in all age groups (42). Findings suggest an increased risk of peri-and postoperative complications among elderly subjects undergoing appendectomy, compared to non-elderly subjects (43).

Declarations

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

The content of this manuscript is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki for Ethics. No committee approval was required. Oral and written consent to participate was granted by her family.

Consent for Publication

“Written informed consent was obtained from the patient's legal guardian for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.”

Availability of Supporting Data

It is available.

Competing Interests

The author declares that they have no competing financial interests and nothing to disclose.

Funding: There is no funding.

Authors' Contributions

Ahmad Reza Shahraki is the surgeon of the patient and wrote this paper.

The author declares that they have no competing financial interests and nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Acute appendicitis in the elderly constitutes a small percentage of total appendicitis cases, has a wide range of presentations, and is associated with a higher rate of complications, making it a challenging diagnosis. Thus, we believe that acute appendicitis in the elderly needs to be further studied and more data should be added to the literature, which will help establish the diagnosis of appendicitis to avoid delayed diagnosis and possible complications. The non-operative management of uncomplicated appendicitis is a reasonable option in frail patients in order to avoid the burden of morbidity related to operation; nevertheless, surgery remains the standard of care in all age groups. Findings suggest an increased risk of peri-and postoperative complications among elderly subjects undergoing appendectomy, compared to non-elderly subjects.

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